MongoDB service won't start after running WMS 5.1.0.351 updater

I went to update my WMS on-prem installation (from v5.0.0.627). When I ran the WMS_5.1.0.351.exe updater, it failed the pre-installation check and said that MongoDB wasn't running. I checked the event log and it showed that MongoDB unexpectedly terminated as soon as the update installer had started to do its checks. It now will not run at all (with the very unhelpful error 1053). The service had been running flawlessly for 2 years before I ran that updater.

Does anyone have any suggestions on how best to get my MongoDB service running again? Or am I facing a full reinstall because Dell's update killed my WMS?